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- $Unique_ID{BRK03957}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Macular Degeneration}
- $Subject{Macular Degeneration Macula Lutea degeneration Tapetoretinal
- Degeneration Macular Dystrophy Foveal Dystrophy Progressive Behr 1 infantile
- optic atrophyataxia Behr 2 adult or presenile macula lutea retinae
- degeneration Stargardt's disease juvenile macular degeneration Macular
- Degeneration senile Macular Degeneration disciform}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 314:
- Macular Degeneration
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Macular Degeneration) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Macula Lutea, degeneration
- Tapetoretinal Degeneration
- Macular Dystrophy
- Foveal Dystrophy, Progressive
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
-
- Behr 1 (infantile optic atrophyataxia)
- Behr 2 (adult or presenile macula lutea retinae degeneration)
- Stargardt's disease (juvenile macular degeneration)
- Macular Degeneration, senile
- Macular Degeneration, disciform
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Macular degeneration is a common hereditary eye (retinal) disorder with
- several subdivisions:
-
- Behr 1 (infantile optic atrophyataxia)
- Behr 2 (adult or presenile macula lutea retinae degeneration)
- Stargardt's disease (juvenile macular degeneration)
- Macular Degeneration, senile
- Macular Degeneration, disciform
-
- This disorder is characterized by a gradual bilateral decrease of vision.
- Although usually inherited as a dominant trait, a recessive type (Stargardt's
- disease) is a possible form of central Retinitis Pigmentosa with macular
- degeneration. (For more information, choose "RP" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database). Ordinary RP does not affect the macula. X-linked
- hereditary macular dystrophy can be observed in males with color blindness.
-
- Macular degeneration can be a static condition for many years but then
- becomes slowly progressive. Senile macular degeneration patients may be
- mislabeled as colorblind. This form of the disease could also be associated
- with neurological dysfunction.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Central vision is impaired or absent in macular degeneration while peripheral
- vision remains normal. A vision disturbance in which shapes seem distorted
- or changing (metamorphopsia) can occur. An area of depressed vision within
- the visual field surrounded by an area of normal vision (central scotoma) is
- also symptomatic of this disorder.
-
- The onset of Macula Lutea, degeneration (infantile type or Behr disease)
- is usually before the age of seven years. The juvenile type (Stargardt's)
- has an onset between eight and fifteen years. The adult form of Behr disease
- starts at about age twenty. The presenile form (Behr) begins between forty
- and fifty years of age, and the senile type occurs later in several forms
- known as atrophic chorioretinitis or exudative disciform degeneration
- (Junius-Kuhnt disease and Haab senile macular degeneration).
-
- Macular degeneration can remain a static condition for many years
- following a period of slow progression.
-
- Causes
-
- Macular degeneration is a hereditary disorder. Although usually dominant, a
- recessive form also exists. The X-linked hereditary trait is observed in
- males with color blindness. It is also possible that the macular lesions (or
- the predisposition to have them) are associated with failure of retinal
- development due to an intrauterine infection while in the womb.
-
- In senile macular degeneration, atherosclerosis could be a contributing
- factor to the genetic predisposition.
-
- Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of
- the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father
- and one from the mother.
-
- In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from
- either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene
- and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the
- disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy
- regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
-
- X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X
- chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome
- and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X
- chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since
- males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease
- present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit
- the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons.
- Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of
- transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent
- risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Polymorphic Macular Degeneration is a group of eye disorders that includes
- Sorsby disease and Best disease. This dominant hereditary form of vision
- disorder is marked by impairment of vision and slightly abnormal color
- vision. Sorsby disease usually begins between the ages of twenty and forty
- years and is also called macular cyst or cystoid macular degeneration. Best
- disease, also called vitelline macular dystrophy, is usually diagnosed
- between five and fifteen years of age. (For more information, choose
- "macular degeneration" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Ongoing ophthalmic examination and treatment is indicated in macular
- degeneration, as well as other supportive measures. Genetic counseling for
- families affected by these disorders can be helpful.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Researchers at the Cullen Eye Institute of the Baylor College of Medicine in
- Houston, Texas are studying inherited retinal diseases including macular
- degeneration. Families with at least two affected members and both parents
- living are needed to participate in this program. Other disorders being
- included in the study are Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, Usher Syndrome (Types
- I and II), Polymorphic Macular Degeneration, Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome,
- Rod Monochromacy (Complete Congenital Achromatopsia).
-
- Other inherited retinal disorders of interest include blue cone
- monochromacy (Congenital Incomplete X-linked Achromatopsia), Choroideremia,
- the Oculo-Cerebro-Renal Syndrome of Lowe, Hereditary X-linked cataracts, and
- other hereditary diseases with significant visual impact.
-
- Laser treatments may be useful in treating macular degeneration. Krypton red
- laser (KRL) photocoagulation seems to be more suitable than argon blue-green
- or argon green laser treatments, according to one study, especially in the
- treatment of swelling (edema) resulting from the degeneration.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Macular Degeneration, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Association for Macular Diseases, Inc.
- 210 East 64th Street
- New York, NY 10021
- (212) 605-3719
-
- Macular Disease Research Center
- Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
- 20 Staniford Street
- Boston, MA 20114
- (617) 742-3140
-
- NIH/National Eye Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5248
-
- Stargardt Disease Self Help Network
- Center for Visual Rehabilitation
- 219 E. Cole Ave.
- Wheaton, IL 60187
- (708) 690-7115
-
- National Association for the Visually Handicapped
- 305 East 24th Street
- New York, NY 10010
- (212) 889-3141
-
- Vision Foundation, Inc.
- 818 Mt. Auburn Street
- Watertown, Mass. 02172
- (617) 926-4232
- (800) 852-3029 (within MA)
-
- American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
- 1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 1100
- New York, NY 10011
- (202) 393-3666
-
- References
-
- Moore, A.T.; Taylor, D.S.; Harden, A.: Bilateral macular dysplasia
- ('colobomata') and congenital retinal dystrophy. BR J OPHTHALMOL 1985 Sept.;
- 69(9): 691-9.
-
- Smiddy, W.E.; Fine, S.L.; Quigley, H.A.; Hohman, R.M.; Addicks, E.A.:
- Comparison of krypton and argon laser photocoagulation. Results of
- stimulated clinical treatment of primate retina. ARCH OPHTHALMOL 1984 July;
- 102(7) : 1086-92.
-
- Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 610, A VISION IMPAIRMENT OF THE LATER YEARS:
- MACULAR DEGENERATION; Irving R. Dickman; Distributed as a public service by
- the American Foundation for the Blind.
-
-